Okolnosti zavedenia zmiešaného volebného systému

Po rozpade Sovietskeho zväzu, ruská suverénna štátnosť začala zvláštnym spôsobom. Boris Jeľcin bol v júni 1991 zvolený za prvého prezidenta vtedajšej Ruskej sovietskej socialistickej republiky. Na konci roka 1991 sovietsky zväz prestala existovať, a Jeľcin požiadal o povolenie od znovuzvoleného ruského parlamentu, ktorý bol zvolený v roku 1990, o presadenie svojich reforiem prostredníctvom prezidentských dekrétov. (voľebný systém)

Čoskoro sa však dostal do konfliktu s komunistickou väčšinou v zákonodarnom zbore, ktorý kritizoval spôsob, akým sa štátny majetok privatizuje, taktiež kritizoval nekontrolovateľnú infláciu cien a Jeľcina zato, že nová ústava, ktorá sa vypracovávala v tom čase, dáva rozsiahle a silné kompetencie prezidentovi. Konflikt medzi zákonodarcami a prezidentom sa prudko vyostril v roku 1993. ,
Jeľcin, podpísal 1. októbra 1993 dekrét č. 1557 ktorý pojednával o voľbe zástupcov do Štátnej dumy. Dekrét predpokladá zmiešaný volebný systém, v ktorom polovica poslancov bude volená v jednomandátových volebných obvodov a druhá polovica v celoštátnom volebnom obvode, kde voľba bude prebiehať pomerným volených systémom.

Prísnejšie pravidlá a vyššie sankcie za nedodržanie GDPR

Dramatické sankcie za nedodržanie GDPR nariadenia EÚ už postihujú malé spoločnosti na Slovensku. Úrady vykonali v roku 2019 viaceré kontroly na správu osobných údajov v malých spoločnostiach. Vo viac ako polovici ustanovili aj následné sankcie. Pre malé a stredné spoločnosti je vhodné vypracovať dokumentáciu GDPR formou outsourcingu. Takúto službu poskytuje napríklad spoločnosť Safedata.sk. Nariadenie GDPR sa začalo uplatňovať rovnako v celej Európskej únii od 25. mája 2018.

Použitie zmiešaného volebného systému

Zdalo sa byť odôvodnené a to hneď z niekoľkých dôvodov. V prospech jednomandátových volebných obvodov, hovorí aj to, že to bola tradícia zo Sovietskej éry. Ďalej za jednomandátové volebné obvody znie aj argument, že Ruská federácia je obrovská a mnohonárodnostná krajina, kde je veľmi veľká vzdialenosť medzi politickým centrom a periférnymi časťami. Aby bolo spojenie medzi centrom a perifériami lepšie, tak je lepšie ak si na lokálnej úrovni zvolia svojho zástupcu, ktorý sa im potom bude zodpovedať za prácu ktorú vykonal. Na druhej strane, jednomandátové obvody sú nebezpečné z dôvodu presadzovania miestnych záujmov ktoré by sa mohli dostať nad národné záujmy a regionálne takzvané „nižšie politiky“ by medzi sebou rivalizovali a to by mohlo znemožniť spoluprácu k vytvoreniu jednotného nového Ruska a pri budovaní štátu.

A preto aby sa nepresadzovali len regionálne záujmy ale aj záujmy Ruska ako celku sa rozhodlo pre kombinovaný volebný systém. Debata prebiehala len v tom že koľko poslancov sa bude voliť jedným a koľko druhým spôsobom nakoniec sa rozhodlo že to bude rozdelene tak, že polovica poslancov bude volená v jednomandátových obvodoch a druhá polovica v jednom celoštátnom obvode.

42 Replies to “Okolnosti zavedenia zmiešaného volebného systému”

  1. […] To teda znamená že na jeden jednomandátový volebný obvod pripadalo 461,656 voličov. Každý volebný obvod má aj svoje rôznorodé okolnosti. Avšak v ôsmich autonómnych okresoch z desiatich pripadá […]

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